Penance, humility, sacrifice and suffering played an important role in folk belief. The aim was to increase the effectiveness of pilgrimages.

Cilices and scourges were used. A cilice is a multi-layered chain, with sharp metal spikes on one side. It was worn around the bare thigh. It caused the wearer great pain, especially when sitting. The idea behind such self-torture was that the worse the suffering, the greater the reward would be. Scourges were used to mortify carnal desires.

Holy lengths were narrow strips of fabric or paper. These were supposed to be the same height as specific saints. Prayers were printed onto the strips. Praying with “holy lengths” was thought to be especially effective.